PRESIDENT
1. Values of the vote of an MLA= (Total Population of state/Total number of elected members in the state legislative assembly)*(1/1000)
1.Andhra Pradesh 148
(i) In 2008,the Parliament increased the Salary of president from Rs.50,000 t0 Rs.1.50 Lakh per mont
ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT:
The President is not directly elected by people but by member of electoral college consisting of:
1.Elected members of both the Houses of Parliament.
2. Elected members of the legislative assemblies of states (Vidhan Sabha in AP-294 SEATS).
3. Elected members of the legislative assemblies of Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.
VOTES CALCUTES:
2. Values of the vote of an MP=Total value of votes of all MLAs of all states/Total number of elected members of Parliament.
3. Electoral quota=[Total number of valid votes polled/(1+1=2)]+1.
Total number Assembly Seats in India -4120
Name of state Value vote of each MLA
2.Arunachal Pradesh-60 8
3Assam-126 116
4.Bihar-243 173
5.Chhattigar-90 129
6.Goa-40 20
7.Gujarat-182 147
8.Harayana-90 112
9.HimachalPradesh-68 51
10.Jammu & Kashmir-87 72
11.Jharkhand-81 176
12.Karanataka-224 131
13.Kerala-140 152
14.MP-230 131
15.Maharastra-288 175
16.Manipur-60 18
17.Megalaya-60 17
18.Mizoram-40 8
19.Nagaland-60 9
20.Orissa-147 149
21.Punjab-117 116
22.Rajasthan-200 129
23.Sikkim-32 7
24.TamilNadu-234 176
25.Tripura-60 26
26.Uttarakhand-70 64
27.Uttar Pradesh-403 208
28.West Bengal-294 151
29.NCT Of Delhi-70 58
30.Puducherry-30 16
1.Total value of votes for the states in India=549474
2.Total MPs=776(543 in Lok sabha + 233 in Rajya sabha)
3.Value of each MPs vote =549474/776=708.09
4.Total value of MPs votes=776*708=549408
5.Total members in the electoral college=4896(4120 MLAs+776 MPs)
6.Total votes in the electoral college=1098882(549474 MLAs+549408 MPs)
7.Total votes polled=969422
8.Total votes for Ms. Pratibha Patil=638116(65.82)[First Women President in India]
9.Total votes for B.S.Shehawat=331306(34.17)
Highest votes President in India is Dr. Rajendar Prasad(99.35 in 1957 )
PRESIDENTS WHO RULED INDIA
| # | Name | Took office | Left office | Vice President | Notes | |
| 1 | 26 January 1950 | 13 May 1962 | 1952 election page & 1957 election page Prasad was the first President of independent India from Bihar. He was also an independence activist of the Indian Independence Movement.Prasad was the only president to serve for two terms in office | |||
| 2 | 13 May 1962 | 13 May 1967 | 1962 election page Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a Knight of the Realm and also held the position of vice chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University He was also made a Knight of the Golden Army of Angels by Pope Paul VI | |||
| 3 | 13 May 1967 | 3 May 1969 | ||||
| 3 May 1969 | 20 July 1969 | |||||
| 20 July 1969 | 24 August 1969 | Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India, and was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire. He served as acting president until the election of Giri as the President of India. | ||||
| 4 | 24 August 1969 | 24 August 1974 | 1969 election page Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka). | |||
| 5 | 24 August 1974 | 11 February 1977 | 1974 election page Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to have died during a term of office.[16] | |||
| 11 February 1977 | 25 July 1977 | Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as acting president upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore. | ||||
| 6 | 25 July 1977 | 25 July 1982 | 1977 election page N.S.Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[18] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India. | |||
| 7 | 25 July 1982 | 25 July 1987 | 1982 election page In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister[ | |||
| 8 | 25 July 1987 | 25 July 1992 | 1987 election page In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the India's independence movement.[20] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence | |||
| 9 | 25 July 1992 | 25 July 1997 | 1992 election page Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra | |||
| 10 | 25 July 1997 | 25 July 2002 | 1997 election page Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities. He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University | |||
| 11 | 25 July 2002 | 25 July 2007 | 2002 election page Kalam, was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs. Kalam also receive | |||
| 12 | 25 July 2007 | 2007 election page Patil is the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan.[ |
h and the pension to 50% of his Salary.In addition,the former President are entited to furnished residence,phone facilities,car,medical treatment, travel facilities, secretarial staff and office expense upto Rs.60,000 per annum.
(ii)President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment for’violaction of Constitution ‘.
(iii) No President has so far been Impeachment.
Qualifications for Election as President:
- A citizen of India,
- 35 years of age or above
- Qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha.
- A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.
Conditions of President’s Offfice :
1.The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be elected President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as President.
2.The President shall not hold any other office of profit.
3. The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
4.The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his term of office.
Powers and Functions of the President:
(i)Legislative powers
(ii)Executive powers
(iii)Financial powers
(iv)Judicial powers
(v)Diplomatic powers
(vi)Military powers
(vii)Emergency powers
VICE PRESIDENT
VICE PRESIDENT is also same Elected like president.
VICE PRESIDENTS WHO RULED INDIA
| No. | | Vice-President | Took office | Left office | President |
| 1 | 13 May 1952 | 12 May 1962 | | ||
| 2 | 13 May 1962 | 12 May 1967 | |||
| 3 | 13 May 1967 | 3 May 1969 | |||
| 4 | 31 August 1969 | 30 August 1974 | |||
| 5 | 31 August 1974 | 30 August 1979 | |||
| 6 | 31 August 1979 | 30 August 1984 | |||
| 7 | 31 August 1984 | 27 July 1987 | |||
| 8 | 3 September 1987 | 24 July 1992 | |||
| 9 | 21 August 1992 | 24 July 1997 | |||
| 10 | 21 August 1997 | 27 July 2002 | |||
| 11 | 19 August 2002 | 21 July 2007 | |||
| 12 | 11 August 2007 |
POWER OF VICE PRESIDENT:
EXCHAIRMAN OF RAJYASABHA ,his power and function are similar to speaker of LOKSABHA.
He act as President when vacany occur in President office due to death, resignation,removal.
PRIME MINISTER
1.Constitution does not contain any specific procedure for selection and appointment of the Prime minister. Article 75 says only that the Prime minister shall appointed by the President. However , he cannot free to appoint any one as Prime minister. President appoint the leader of the majority party in the loksabha .When there is no clear majority in Lok sabha then President can appoint Prime minister.
2.In 1979, when Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (President )appointed Charan Singh (the Coalition leader)as the Prime minister after fall of Janata Party Government.
3.In 1984 , after Indira Gandhi assassinated the President Zail Singh appointed Rajiv Gandhi as Prime minister later party elected him as leader.
4.In 1980, the Delhi High Court held that the Constitution does not need to prove his majority
in the Lokha sabha before he appointed as Prime minister. The President first appoint him Prime minister then prove his majority in Lok sabha.
Example:
1.Charan Singh(1979)
2.VP Singh(1989)
3.Chandrasekhar(1990)
4.PV Narasimha Rao(1991)
5.AB Vajyapee(1996)
6.Deve GOwda(1996)
7.IK Gujral(1997)
8.AB Vajyapee(1998)
In 1997, the Supreme Court held that a person who is not a member of Parliament can be appointed as Prime minister for six month with in which he should become either house of parliament.
Eligibility:
(iii)25 years of age (in the case of a seat in the House of the People) or above 30 years of age (in the case of a seat in the Council of States)
POWER AND FUNCTIONS:
(a)Chairman of the planning Commission , National Development Council, National Integration Council and National Water Resource Council.
(b)Significant role in shaping policy of the country.
(c)Chief speaker of union Government.
(d)Crisis manager–in-chief at the Political level during emergency.
(e)Leader of Party of Power.
(f)Political head of the Service.
He advice the President with regard to appointment of important official like Attorney general of India, Comptroller and Auditor General of India , Chairman and member of the UPSC , Election Commissioner.
CHIEF MINISTER WHO BECAME PRIME MINISTER:
Morarji Desai Chiefminister (Bombay in 1952-56) NonCongressMinister
(1896–1995)
(1896–1995)
PRIME MINISTERS WHO RULED INDIA
| No. | Name (Birth–Death); Constituency | CM(Council of Ministers) | Term of office | Elections (Lok Sabha) | Political party (Alliance) | Refs | |||
| 1 | 1 | 15 August 1947 | |||||||
| 2 | |||||||||
| 3 | |||||||||
| Indo-Pakistani War of 1947; created Planning commission of India and initiated Five-year plan to increase government investment in agriculture and industry; launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural production; oversaw widespread poverty and unemployment, even with improvements in agriculture and infrastructure; oversaw establishment of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Institutes of Technology and Indian Institutes of Management; criminalized caste discrimination and increased the legal rights and social freedoms of women; pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement; Sino-Indian War; signed the Indus Waters Treaty; granted asylum to the Dalai Lama; oversaw liberation of Goa. | |||||||||
| - | — | 27 May 1964 (int) | 9 June 1964 | ||||||
| Served as caretaker Prime Minister until the election of Lal Bahadur Shastri. | |||||||||
| 2 | 4 | 9 June 1964 | |||||||
| Indo-Pakistani War of 1965; pushed for Green Revolution in India and Operation Flood; The National Dairy Development Board was formed; died from a heart attack at a summit in Tashkent. | |||||||||
| (-) | — | 11 January 1966 (int) | 24 January 1966 | ||||||
| 3 | 5 | 24 January 1966 | 24 March 1977 | ||||||
| 6 | |||||||||
| Nationalized banks; won the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which resulted in the formation of Bangladesh; signed the Shimla Agreement; tested the first nuclear weapon with Smiling Buddha; initiated Green Revolution in India; imposed state of emergency from 1975-1977. | |||||||||
| 4 | 24 March 1977 | ||||||||
| Ended the state of emergency initiated by Indira Gandhi; improved relations with Pakistan, China and the United States; softened its relationship with the Soviet Union; launched Sixth Five-Year Plan, aiming to boost agricultural production and rural industries; the plan proved unsuccessful leading to resurging inflation, fuel shortages, unemployment and poverty; lost many MPs from Janata Party, including his rival Charan Singh, which led to his resignation. | |||||||||
| 5 | 8 | 28 July 1979 | |||||||
| (3) | 9 | ||||||||
| 6 | 10 | 31 October 1984 | 2 December 1989 | ||||||
| 1984 anti-Sikh riots; significantly reduced License Raj; expanded telecommunications in India; signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord; Bofors scandal; nullified the Supreme Court's judgement on Shah Bano case. | |||||||||
| 7 | 11 | 2 December 1989 | |||||||
| Negotiated terrorist kidnapping of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed's daughter; visited Golden Temple to ask for forgiveness for Operation Bluestar; withdrew IPKF from Sri Lanka; initiated fixed quota/reservation for all public sector jobs as per recommendation from Mandal Commission; Ram Janmabhoomi agitation and subsequent loss of vote of no confidence because of it. | |||||||||
| 8 | 12 | 10 November 1990 | 21 June 1991 | ||||||
| Resigned due to accusations of spying on former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, and subsequent withdrawal of Congress' support; Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. | |||||||||
| 9 | 13 | 21 June 1991 | 16 May 1996 | ||||||
| Initiated Economic liberalization in India; SEBI Act 1992; formation of National Stock Exchange of India; 1993 Bombay bombings; introduced TADA; Demolition of Babri Masjid. | |||||||||
| 10 | 16 May 1996 | ||||||||
| Hung parliament†. Was in power for only 13 days, after BJP could not gather enough support from other parties to form a majority. | |||||||||
| 11 | 15 | 1 June 1996 | |||||||
| Hung parliament†. After a failed attempt of forming a BJP government, Congress refused to form a government and instead supported a minority United Front coalition led by Janata Dal. President of China Jiang Zemin begins the first visit by a Chinese head of state to India; initiates President's rule in Gujarat. | |||||||||
| 12 | 16 | 21 April 1997 | 19 March 1998 | ||||||
| (10) | 22 May 2004 | ||||||||
| 13 | 22 May 2004 | ||||||||
| 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests; Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement; won the 2008 Lok Sabha vote of confidence; Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline; expanding ties with Israel; Economic crisis of 2008; National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA); Right to Information Act; revoking of POTA; 2008 Mumbai attacks and the implementation of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act; National Investigation Agency (India). | |||||||||
